Surah al-Ahzab (The Confederates) 33 : 32

Overview (Verses 30 - 34)

A Unique Position
 
The sūrah then outlines some special features for the Prophet’s wives, giving them special privileges and responsibilities, which suit their noble status and their relation to the Prophet:
 
Wives of the Prophet! If any of you were to be guilty of manifestly immoral conduct, her punishment would be doubled. That is easy for God. But if any of you devoutly obeys God and His Messenger and does good deeds, We shall grant her a double reward, and We have prepared for her most excellent provisions. (Verses 30-31)
 
This is a responsibility commensurate with their status as wives of the Prophet and mothers of all believers. Both positions impose on them heavy duties and protect them against immorality. If, for argument’s sake, any of them is guilty of some manifestly immoral conduct, she would deserve double punishment. This relates to the responsibility associated with their position and status. “That is easy for God.” It is in no way more difficult as a result of their status as the Prophet’s wives, as some people might think. “But if any of you devoutly obeys God and His Messenger and does good deeds, We shall grant her a double reward,” just as We double her punishment in the opposite situation. “And We have prepared for her most excellent provisions.” (Verse 31) It is all ready, waiting for her, by God’s grace.
 
The sūrah then explains what distinguishes the Prophet’s wives from all other women, outlining their duties in dealing with other people, worshipping God, their conduct at home, and the special care God takes of the Prophet’s noble household:
 
Wives of the Prophet! You are unlike any other women: if you truly fear God, do not speak too soft, lest any who is sick at heart should be moved with desire; but speak in an appropriate manner. And stay quietly in your homes, and do not display your charms as they used to display them in the old days of pagan ignorance. Attend regularly to your prayers, and pay the obligatory charity, i.e. zakāt, and pay heed to God and His Messenger. God only wants to remove all that is loathsome from you, you members of the [Prophet’s] household, and to purify you fully. Bear in mind all that is recited in your homes of God’s revelations and wisdom; for God is unfathomable in His wisdom, all aware. (Verses 32-34)
 
At the dawn of Islam, Arabian society looked upon women as a means of enjoyment and physical fulfilment. In this, it was like most other societies at the time. From a purely human angle, Arabian society simply looked upon women as inferior. Islam also found in Arabian society much confusion in sexual relations. The family system, moreover, was unsound, as already explained in this sūrah. Moreover, sex was looked at in a carnal way that disregarded beauty and purity and endorsed a wild, physical approach. This is clear in pre-Islamic poetry which focused on the woman’s body, and expressed carnal thoughts.
 
Islam began to change the social attitude towards women, emphasizing the human aspect in relations between the two sexes. It is not merely a physical relation that seeks to satisfy a carnal urge. It is rather the meeting of two people, created from one soul, connected with a tie based on affection and mercy, and bringing both of them comfort and reassurance. Their meeting has a goal related o God’s will that brought man into being, gave the earth its population and assigned to man the charge of taking care of the earth.
 
Islam also paid attention to family ties, making the family the central unit of its social structure. The precursor for this was a caring home where future generations start life and find a healthy atmosphere free from negative influences that contaminate feelings and ideas. Family law constitutes a sizeable portion of Islamic legislation and takes up a considerable number of Qur’ānic verses. In addition to enacting legislation, Islam continually directs its followers to the need to strengthen this societal base, particularly ensuring its spiritual purity, keeping relations between the sexes clean, respectable and free from vulgarity, even in the gratification of sexual urges. In fact, the organization of society and family matters takes up a large part of the present sūrah. The passage we are currently discussing now includes an address to the Prophet’s wives giving them instructions concerning their relations with other people, their own status and their relations with God. This address also includes a gentle directive expressed in fine style: “God only wants to remove all that is loathsome from you, you members of the [Prophet’s] household, and to purify you fully.” (Verse 33)
 
What are the means to remove what is loathsome and ensure the purity of those women married to the Prophet, living in his home and who were in any case the purest women in the whole world? Needless to say, other women are in greater need of such means.
 
Initially, the sūrah makes them aware of their high positions and the advantages they have over all other women, making it clear that this is unique to them and cannot be shared by any other women in history. Hence, it is their duty to ensure that they can meet the obligations attendant with their status: “Wives of the Prophet! You are unlike any other women, if you truly fear God.” (Verse 32) They are told that their unique position is dependent on their being God-fearing. It is not their mere relation to the Prophet that gives them their status. Hence, they have to be up to the task, doing what this entails.
 
This is the plain truth that forms the basis of this religion of Islam. It is stated in absolute clarity by the Prophet as he addresses his own family, telling them that their close relation to him should not make them oblivious of their duties; he cannot benefit them anything unless they redeem themselves through their own actions: “Fāţimah bint Muĥammad! Şafiyyah bint `Abd al-Muţţalib! All you of the `Abd al- Muţţalib clan! I can in no way benefit you against God. You can ask me whatever you wish of my own money.” [Related by Muslim.] Another version quotes the Prophet as broadening his address so as to include first the entire Quraysh tribe, and narrowing it gradually o his own small clan and finishing it by addressing his own daughter: “You the Quraysh people! Save yourselves from hell. You the Ka`b people! Save yourselves from hell. You the Hāshim clan! Save yourselves from the fire. You the `Abd al-Muţţalib clan! Save yourselves from the fire. Fāţimah bint Muĥammad! Save yourself from the fire. By God! I can benefit you nothing against God. However, you are my relations and I will honour this relation and foster it.” [Related by Muslim and al-Tirmidhī.]
 
Having outlined their status which they earn through being God- fearing, the sūrah outlines the means by which God removes what is loathsome from the members of the Prophet’s household: “do not speak too soft, lest any who is sick at heart should be moved with desire.” (Verse 32) When they speak to strangers, they must not use the sort of softness in their speech which arouses men’s desires and make those who are sick at heart feel their urge.
 
It is pertinent to ask who are those women whom God issues this warning? They are the Prophet’s own wives and the mothers of all believers. Our minds cannot imagine that anyone would be tempted to think of them in terms of physical desire. When then is this warning issued? During the Prophet’s own lifetime and in the best of human societies. However, God who created men and women knows that when a woman speaks too softly, with yielding tones, she touches upon man’s desire and awakens his urge. He also knows that in all societies there are people who are sick at heart, and who think of every woman in carnal terms, even though she may be married to the Prophet and has the status of a mother of all believers. God is perfectly aware that loathsomeness can only be purged when the causes that awaken desire are removed.
 
How about our own society which deliberately awakens desire and plays on it? Everything around us aims to bring sexual desire into full play, and encourages promiscuity. In modern society, women are encouraged to use speech, appearance, attractions, in order to move men to desire and let loose their urge. How can purity find a place in this polluted atmosphere when people’s movements, speech and appearance serve to encourage the very loathsome thing that God wants to remove from His chosen servants?
 
“But speak in an appropriate manner.” (Verse 32) They were first ordered not o speak in a soft way; now they are ordered to confine their talk to what is appropriate. Indeed the subject matter of a conversation may encourage certain thoughts. Therefore, there must not be in the conversation between men and women anything that leads to what is improper. This applies to the tone of voice, jokes and ordinary chatting. We should remember that it is God, the Creator who knows His creation and what affects and influences them, who gives these instructions to the Prophet’s wives who were already exemplary in their purity. They were required to observe these instructions with the people of their own society, which was the best human society ever.
 
“And stay quietly in your homes.” (Verse 33) The Arabic word used here, qarna, connotes having weight that facilitates stability. This order does not mean staying permanently at home so as not to go out at all. It only indicates that to be at home is the normal situation, and whatever else is the exception that meets a need. In the home a woman finds herself as fits her nature: sound, undistorted and uncontaminated. She fulfils her role without being overburdened with duties God has not equipped her to fulfil.
 
In order to give the family home its proper atmosphere that is suited for the upbringing of young children, God made it a binding duty of the man o support the woman financially. Thus, the mother has the energy, time and freedom to look after her young ones and give the family its congenial and relaxed atmosphere. A mother who has to work in order to earn her living, giving her job her time and energy cannot bring freshness and a pleasant ambience into her family home. She cannot give her children what is due to them of care and attention. The homes of women who go out to work every day are akin o hotels in their atmosphere. They have but little of the pleasant atmosphere of a proper family home. In fact a home can only be established by a woman; its pleasant congeniality can only be ensured by a wife, and its tenderness and care can only be generated by a mother. A wife and mother who spends her time and energy, physical and spiritual, at work cannot bring anything into her home other than her tiredness and boredom.
 
When a woman goes out to work, that constitutes a disaster for her home, which may be allowed by necessity. That people should resort to it when they have no need for it is a setback affecting souls and minds at a time when many social ills are encountered.
 
When a woman goes out frequently, for something other than work, such as visiting places of entertainment, clubs and the like, then this represents a setback for humanity. During the Prophet’s lifetime, women used to go to the mosque, as there was no directive to prohibit them from so doing. However, that was a time when moral standards were high and most people were God-fearing. Moreover, a woman went out for prayer, and no one could recognize her. She revealed nothing of her charms. Nevertheless, after the Prophet died `Ā’ishah preferred that they did not go to the mosque. An authentic ĥadīth related by al-Bukhārī and Muslim quotes `Ā’ishah as saying: “Muslim women used to attend Fajr, or the dawn prayer with God’s Messenger and then go back home wrapped in their outer garments, unrecognizable in the darkness.” Another report quotes her as saying: “Had God’s Messenger seen what women have introduced into their behaviour, he would have disallowed them in mosques, just as Israelite women were disallowed.” [Related by al-Bukhārī and Muslim.]
 
What could women have introduced into their lives during `Ā’ishah’s lifetime to make her think that God’s Messenger would have not allowed them in the mosques? How does this compare with what we see in our own time?
 
“And do not display your charms as they used to display them in the old days of pagan ignorance.” (Verse 33) This applies when a woman needs to go out, and it follows the order o stay quietly at home. In pre-Islamic days in Arabia, women used to display their charms, but all reports about such displays appear trifling, or even decent when compared with how women reveal their charms in our present climate. Mujāhid defines it as women walking alongside men and among them, while Qatādah says that they used to walk in a coquettish way. Muqātil ibn Ĥayyān, on the other hand, says that a display of charms meant that a woman would throw her head cover over her head without tightening it to cover her necklace, earrings or neck. Indeed, all this could be seen. Ibn Kathīr mentioned that a woman could walk among men, revealing her chest. She might also reveal her neck, plaits and earrings. Hence, God ordered female believers to cover themselves.
 
Such were the displays in ignorant Arabia and with which the Qur’ān dealt, purging the Muslim community from their effects and removing the elements that could lead to immoral behaviour. In so doing, the Qur’ān elevated thoughts, manners and feelings and it refined the senses of the Muslim community.
 
We say, ‘senses’ because the type of taste which admires the naked human body is vulgar, uncouth and lacks refinement. It is certainly less civilized than one which admires the beauty of modest appearance and what it indicates of beauty of soul, feeling and morality. This is a true measure of civilized human standards. Modesty has its own refined beauty which cannot be appreciated by people with coarse taste who only admire the naked flesh.
 
The Qur’ānic text speaks of such displays of women’s charms as belonging o ‘the old days of pagan ignorance,’ using the Arabic term jāhiliyyah which, in Islamic usage, refers to pre-Islamic days. Thus, it implies that displaying physical charms belongs to the old days of ignorance. People who have left such ignorance behind and attained a higher standard of ideals and concepts will ignore such vulgarity.
 
We need to explain here that the term jāhiliyyah describes social conditions and a philosophy of life, not a particular period of time. Therefore, jāhiliyyah could exist at any time and in any society. Hence we can say that we live today in a period of blind jāhiliyyah, which reflects vulgar tastes and unrefined concepts, pulling humanity to a humiliating and lowly level of civilization. When society accepts such standards, it cannot enjoy purity or blessings. Only a society that adopts the means of purification which the Prophet and the members of his household were the first to practise will attain such purity and blessings. The Qur’ān directs the Prophet’s wives to these means, and then turns their eyes towards the sublime, giving them light and helping them to rise to the high standards their bond with God requires: “Attend regularly to your prayers, and pay the obligatory charity, i.e. zakāt, and pay heed to God and His Messenger.” (Verse 33)
 
Worship is not divorced from social and moral behaviour. It is indeed the means by which to attain those high standards. The tie with God is indispensable, because it gives strength, purity of heart and immunity to social pressures. With such a tie, a believer feels that he follows better guidance than his community, and that he can lead others to the light he sees, rather than following their lead to the darkness they live in. In fact, mankind sinks into the ignorance of jāhiliyyah whenever they deviate from God’s path.
 
Islam is a fully integrated whole that includes rituals, manners, morality, systems and laws, placing them all within the framework of faith. Each aspect has its role in putting this faith into practice. They work in full harmony. It is such integrated unity and harmony that provides the overall structure of Islam in practice. Hence, the order to attend to prayer, pay zakāt and obey God and His Messenger comes as the last of the moral and behavioural directives given to members of the Prophet’s household. In fact, none of those directives can work fully in practice without worship and obedience. In fact, all this serves a definite purpose: “God only wants to remove all that is loathsome from you, you members of the [Prophet’s] household, and to purify you fully.” (Verse 33)
 
The way this statement is phrased imparts gentle and tender feelings. They are described here as ‘members of the household’, without defining which household. In the text’s translation we added in brackets the word ‘Prophet’ for explanation. By omitting it, the Qur’ān refers to it as if it is the only household in the world that deserves to be called as such. Once the word ‘household’, or bayt in Arabic, is used, then it has been defined. A similar usage applies to the Ka`bah, God’s house. It is often called al-bayt, or ‘The House’. Hence this reference o the Prophet’s household adds an element of special honour.
 
The sūrah says: “God only wants to remove all that is loathsome from you, you members of the [Prophet’s] household, and to purify you fully.” (Verse 33) We note the very kindly and gentle approach adopted here. It tells them that God in all His majesty is the One to ensure their purification and the removal of all that is loathsome from them. This is direct care from God shown to the members of this household. We appreciate this care more fully when we remember that it is said by none other than God Almighty, who said to the universe, ‘Be’, and it came into existence, and who is in control of everything, the Lord of all majesty and glory. Furthermore, He says this in His book which is recited on high and recited in every place on earth, at all times, by millions in their devotion. Furthermore, these directives are given as a means of purification and removing what is loathsome. These are goals achieved by means which people adopt in their practical lives. This is the method Islam prefers, combining feelings of consciousness of God with action and behaviour. Together they reflect Islamic life and achieve its goals in human society.
 
These directives to the Prophet’s wives are concluded, as they started, with a reminder of their high position and special privileges over other women. This they earn by their relation to God’s Messenger and the grace with which God has favoured them when He made their homes the place where revelation is bestowed from on high, providing light, guidance and wisdom: “Bear in mind all that is recited in your homes of God’s revelations and wisdom; for God is unfathomable in His wisdom, all aware.” (Verse 34) That is certainly a great privilege which is fully appreciated once it is mentioned. We should remember that this reminder is given at the conclusion of the address that started with offering the Prophet’s wives a choice between the luxuries of this life on the one hand and God, His Messenger and the life to come on the other. This helps us o appreciate the great favour God has granted them and to recognize the triviality of the present life with all its attractions and luxuries.