Overview

Prologue

The present surah follows, in general, the line of this part of the Qur’an, inviting the human heart to faith, urging man to awake, meditate and follow the path of righteousness. It uses different kinds of emphasis, connotation and rhythm, but constitutes, nevertheless, a single harmonious piece of music, varying in tones but maintaining the same cadence. Some of its scenes impart a touch of quiet beauty and a light, pleasant rhythm. This is particularly evident in its opening, which describes certain charming aspects of the universe and provides at the same time an aura of worship and prayer: “By the dawn, by the ten nights, by that which is even and that which is odd, by the night as it journeys on!” (Verses 1-4) Other scenes are tense and dramatic in both what they describe and in their music, like this violent, frightening picture: “No indeed! When the earth is systematically levelled down, and your Lord comes, with the angels rank on rank, and on that day, hell is brought near, then man will remember, but how will that remembrance avail him? He shall say, ‘Oh, would that I had prepared for my life!’ On that day, none will punish as He punishes, And none will bind with chains as He binds.” (Verses 21-26)

Some of the portraits drawn in the surah are pleasing, gentle and reassuring, striking perfect harmony between subject matter and rhythm. This is especially true of its ending: “Oh soul at peace! Return to your Lord, well pleased and well pleasing. Enter, then, together with My servants! Enter My paradise!’ (Verses 27-30)

The surah also includes references to the destruction that befell insolent peoples of the past. The rhythm here falls somewhere between that of easy narration and that of violent destruction: “Have you not heard how your Lord dealt with the `Ad, the people of Iram, the many pillared [city], the like of whom has never been created in the whole land? And with the Thamud, who hollowed out rocks in the valley? And with Pharaoh, of the tent pegs? They were all transgressors throughout their lands, bringing about much corruption there. Therefore, your Lord let loose on them the scourge of suffering. Your Lord surely observes all.” (Verses 6-14)

We also have an outline of some human concepts and values which are at variance with faith. This part has its own style and rhythm: “As for man, whenever his Lord tries him by His generosity and with a life of ease, he says, My Lord is bountiful to me.’ But whenever He tries him by stinting his means, he says, My Lord has disgraced me.’“ (Verses 15-16)

A refutation of these erroneous concepts and values is provided through an exposition of the human conditions which give rise to them. Here we have two kinds of style and rhythm: “No indeed; but you are not generous towards the orphan, nor do you urge one another to feed the needy. You devour the inheritance [of others] greedily, and you love wealth passionately.” (Verses 17-20)

It is clear that the latter style and rhythm serves as a bridge between the statement of erroneous human ways and that which explains their inevitable attendant fate. These verses are immediately followed by a picture of the earth as it is levelled. This brief overview reveals to us the numerous colours of the scenes described and explains the change of metre and rhyme according to the change of scenes. The surah is indeed an excellent example of an exceptionally beautiful style which is varied and harmonious at the same time.

Overview (Verses 1 - 5)

A Serene Opening

“By the dawn, by the ten nights, by that which is even and that which is odd, by the night as it journeys on! Is there not in that an oath for a man of sense?” (Verses 1-5) This opening groups together a few scenes and creatures who have familiar, pleasant, and transparent souls. “By the dawn,” refers to the time when life starts to breathe with ease and happiness, a time of fresh, friendly companionship. This dormant world gradually wakes up in a prayer-like process.

“By the ten nights.” (Verse 2) The Qur’an does not specify which these ten nights are. Several explanations, however, have been advanced. Some say they are the first of the month of Dhu’l-Hijjah; some say they are in al-Muharram; and others state that they are the last ten nights of Ramadan. As it leaves them undefined, the Arabic reference acquires an added yet amiable effect. They are merely ten nights known to God but the expression connotes that they have special character, as if they were living creatures with souls and there was mutual sympathy between them and us, transmitted through this Qur’anic verse.

“By that which is even and that which is odd.” (Verse 3) This verse adds an atmosphere of worship to that of the dawn and the ten nights. According to al- Tirmidhi, the Prophet says: “Some prayers are of even number and some are odd.” This is the most appropriate import to be attached to this verse, in the general context of the surah. It suggests a mutual response between the souls of the worshippers and those of the selected nights and the brightening dawn.

“By the night as it journeys on.” (Verse 4) The night here is personified as if it were a traveller journeying in the universe. Its portrait is like that of an insomniac walking on and on in the darkness, or a wayfarer who prefers to start his long journey at night. What a beautiful expression, one enhanced by its superb rhythm! The harmony between this verse and the dawn, the ten nights, the even and the odd is perfect. These are not mere words and expressions: they provide a feeling of the breeze at dawn, and of the morning dew diffusing the fragrance of flowers.

This is the effect of a gentle, inspiring whisper on our hearts, souls and consciences. The beauty of this loving address is far superior to any poetic expression because it combines the beauty of originality with the statement of certain fact. Hence it concludes with a rhetorical question: “Is there not in that an oath for a man of sense?” (Verse 5) The oath and the conviction are certainly there for anyone with a meditative mind. Although the positive meaning is intended, the interrogative form is used because it is gentler. Thus harmony with the preceding address is maintained.