Surah al-Baqarah (The Cow) 2 : 261

Overview (Verses 261 - 262)
 
The last three passages centred mainly on ideological concepts of the Islamic faith, clarifying its aspects and ensuring its firm establishment in people’s hearts. These passages constituted an interval in the line followed in this long sūrah which prepares the Muslim community to undertake its role of leadership of mankind.
 
From this point and up to its concluding verses, the sūrah is largely devoted to setting out some fundamental features of the socioeconomic system that the Muslim community should adopt. It is a system based on social cooperation and welfare through the established financial obligation of zakāt and other unspecified voluntary contributions and donations. We learn in this passage that, in contrast to the system prevalent in pre-Islamic Arabia, the Islamic socioeconomic system is fundamentally opposed to usury and encourages fundamentally different financial dealings. Thus, the sūrah speaks of a proper method of charity, denounces usury and outlines the Islamic principles of lending and trade which complement the social and economic principles according to which Islamic social life is organized and conducted. All this is spread over three closely interrelated passages.
 
In the present passage we learn that contributing financially to charitable causes is akin to jihād, in the sense that its purpose is to serve the cause of God. Jihād is prescribed for Muslims to fulfil their duty of implementing God’s message and conveying it to the rest of mankind and protecting its followers against persecution and oppression.
 
The call to spend of one’s money is frequently made in this sūrah, and this part of it lays down the basic principle underlying that call. Its social and psychological ethics are presented in terms of both compassion and benefit, so that charity becomes a means of financial and spiritual exaltation and refinement for both donor and recipient. It is an act that spreads the spirit of brotherhood, empathy and cooperation among members of the community and makes them feel and behave as equal members of the same family.
 
It is important to point out that although the directives given in this section of the sūrah are universal and general, one can, nevertheless, detect that they were revealed in response to specific situations faced by the Muslims at the time, though these often recur. It is clear that a Muslim community may include selfish and parsimonious individuals who need rigorous discipline and convincing arguments and examples to absorb the facts.
 
Besides the sincere and generous people, there were miserly individuals who would exact a steep price for lending or donating their money. There were those who would give for charity with much difficulty and reluctance or merely for ostentatious reasons, and there were those who would use their money to demonstrate their superiority, and others who would give only what they disdained.
 
It is important to acknowledge these facts because they help us understand the nature and role of the Qur’ān as a dynamic and active force within the developing Muslim community. It was revealed to deal with actual situations and to lead, inform and educate the Muslims to whom it was addressed.
 
This is how the Qur’ān should be viewed by Muslims today: a living dynamic agent in society, especially in view of the widening gap between Islam and the reality of their daily life. We seem to view the Qur’ān as an abstract thing that has no historical living reality. We no longer perceive of it as the force that once shaped Islamic life and society, or the source of the daily orders that Muslims used to receive and act upon. Our perception of the Qur’ān has died, or at least has gone into a coma, and its true original image has faded from Muslim minds today. We have grown accustomed to listening to the Qur’ān recited by beautiful voices in melodious ways and to being moved and affected by the experience. Or we have become satisfied by simply reading it for spiritual or emotional stimulation, or to gain some esoteric or mystical comfort — all of which the Qur’ān does, indeed, evoke and provide.
 
We need to approach the Qur’ān in a way that restores its dynamic role in society and breathes life and consciousness into Muslim minds, and leads Muslim life and moves it forward. Muslims today need to turn back to the Qur’ān for advice, enlightenment and direction, as their predecessors did, and to understand its teachings on all aspects and areas of life. They need to see and learn the historic process through which Islam and the first Muslim community came to be established, to appreciate that process and accept it as part of their own formation and existence, and to recognize their life as an extension of that of their pioneering predecessors.
 
It is important for Muslims today to identify with the struggle and achievements of the early generations of Islam, and see the Qur’ān as equally and directly addressed to them in their present situation, and that they should let it guide all their plans and activities as a comprehensive code of life and a universal body of law and wisdom.
 
Reading the Qur’ān in this way helps us to recognize the human natural response to faith and the duties it imposes. We can see such response in reality through the Qur’ānic references to the life of the first Muslim community. Although that community was the first recipient of the Qur’ān and the immediate beneficiary of the Prophet’s special care, it had certain weaknesses that needed to be addressed and remedied. Yet such weaknesses did not stop that community from achieving its rank as the best generation in the history of mankind. Thus we can see human communities in their reality, unlike the exaggerated images often given to them. We also learn not to despair as we see ourselves well below the high standards Islam calls on people to seek. It is enough that we are making a sincere effort to improve ourselves and achieve a higher standard. Moreover, we learn an important fact, namely that the urge to work towards perfection must continue all the time, unaffected by people’s shortcomings and weaknesses. By nature, people will respond gradually as they are constantly reminded of their virtue, duty and goodness. They will also respond to repeated reminders showing the beauty of goodness and the horrible nature of evil. They need a helping hand whenever they slacken as they travel along the road leading to the sublime goal.
 
Such an intelligent reading of the Qur’ān will put before our eyes an often overlooked simple fact: it is the same people, the same divine message and the same battle fought throughout history. First and foremost, it is a battle against human weakness and parsimony of the individual, and against evil, falsehood, error and tyranny in human life. The fight must be engaged; there can be no way of averting it. The rulers of the Muslim community must fight this battle in both domains, just like the Qur’ān and the Prophet fought it the first time. It is inevitable that some slips and errors would occur; weakness would surface at some points. But a remedy must be found whenever a weakness appears. It is imperative that people should be guided to God in the same Qur’ānic method. This brings us back to what we said at the beginning: we must consult the Qur’ān before embarking on any course of action. It must be seen to mould our lives like it moulded the life of the first Muslim community.
 
Ethics of Islamic Charity
 
The present passage opens with gentle exhortations, touching inner, deep-seated human feelings and senses. It depicts a vigorous; flourishing picture of life, with grains sprouting and growing to yield multitudes of grains and return many times what has been invested. This verdant and lush image, the sūrah says, represents a model for those who spend of their own money for the cause of God. “The case of those who spend their property for the cause of God is like that of a grain that brings forth seven ears, each bearing a hundred grains.” (Verse 261)
 
By simple arithmetic, a single grain of corn or wheat yields seven hundred grains, but we are presented with a much more inspiring and moving picture that leaves a profound and lasting impression on our minds and consciences. It is a picture of life itself, growing abundantly, and giving many times over.
 
With that vivid image, the Qur’ān directs the human conscience to giving and to charity. By giving away what one dearly loves to retain, one is in fact earning; and the more one gives, the more one gains, in a perpetual process which, with God’s blessing, can continue without any limits or restrictions. “God gives manifold increase to whom He wills. God is Munificent, All-Knowing.” (Verse 261) God’s grace never runs out, nor is it withheld. God is aware of people’s thoughts, intentions and feelings, and nothing escapes His knowledge.
 
The question here is: What kind of spending is made to grow in such a phenomenal way, and is rewarded so generously by God, both in this life and in the life to come?
 
The spending that is generously rewarded is that motivated by the purest and highest human feelings, and which enhances such feelings. It is not intended to degrade or spite or hurt. It is purely done for the sake of God Almighty: “Those who spend their property for the cause of God and do not follow their spending by vaunting their own generosity, or by hurting others, shall have their reward with their Lord. They have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve.” (Verse 262)
 
To give for the sake of vanity or ostentation is a vulgar and odious act. Those who brag about what they give to charity seek nothing but false prestige or the humiliation of the recipients, or to draw attention to themselves in order to win public praise rather than God’s pleasure. Such self-seeking desires are alien to the pure heart of a true believer.
 
Boasting about one’s own generosity is pernicious and hurtful to both giver and recipient. It is offensive to the giver because it inflates his ego and satisfies his sense of superiority as he savours the deference of the recipient of his awards. It also makes him arrogant and draws him further away from God. It is hurtful to the recipient because it draws attention to his need and his humble condition, and may make him jealous and desirous of revenge.
 
Giving, from the Islamic point of view, is not seen merely as an act of condescension, induced by pity, to hand over to the needy a paltry gift or a piece of bread; but as a means to purify the soul of the giver, revive his humanitarian feelings, reinforce the human bond with his less fortunate fellow human beings, and impress upon him the value of God’s grace and favour and his obligation to employ his wealth, dispense of it sensibly and share it gratefully with others, in the service of God’s cause. Giving for God’s cause also acts as a consolation to the recipient and a means to strengthen the ties of humanity and fraternity. It also promotes love, cooperation and welfare among members of the community and furthers its cohesion and unity of purpose.
 
Flaunting one’s wealth and philanthropy undermines social unity and fuels jealousy and mistrust that could only tear society apart.
 
Some modern psychologists have suggested that man’s natural reaction to charity is hostility and hatred, at some time in the future. They explain this by saying that charity puts the recipient in a position of inferiority and weakness vis-a-vis the giver, a feeling that may ferment within him until it grows into total rejection and latent hostility. The more the giver reminds the recipient of his favour, the more painful it is for the recipient and the more antagonistic he grows.
 
This may well be the case in non-Muslim societies that have not been shaped or disciplined by Islam. Under Islam, people are taught that wealth belongs to God and He gives of it to those who are well- off. Only those who are ignorant of how wealth is acquired dispute this. Wealth and fortune are given by the grace of God, and man is helpless when it comes to earning them. The creation of a single grain of wheat involves a process in which a combination of energies from the sun and the soil, as well as water and air, come together to play their vital respective roles. This process is totally outside man’s realm of control, and it applies to a whole range of similar processes of growth and procreation.
 
Hence, when those who have give, they do so from the wealth God has given them. Indeed, this act of charity is, in the Islamic sense, a loan given to God which is then returned multiplied manifold, Recipients of charity are there to provide the giver with an opportunity to earn a greater reward from God. The terms which the sūrah lays down in this passage emphasize these values, seeking to dissuade givers from flaunting their generosity, and encouraging the needy to abandon any feelings of inferiority or inadequacy. Both are beneficiaries of God’s bounty, and both shall receive their respective rewards so long as they observe the ethics and the terms laid down by God.
 
“They have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve.” (Verse 262) Givers should not fear poverty, jealousy or injustice, nor should they regret their actions or have any concern regarding their fate in the hereafter.