Surah an-Nisa' (Women ) 4 : 47

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ ءَامِنُوا۟ بِمَا نَزَّلْنَا مُصَدِّقًا لِّمَا مَعَكُم مِّن قَبْلِ أَن نَّطْمِسَ وُجُوهًا فَنَرُدَّهَا عَلَىٰٓ أَدْبَارِهَآ أَوْ نَلْعَنَهُمْ كَمَا لَعَنَّآ أَصْحَٰبَ ٱلسَّبْتِ ۚ وَكَانَ أَمْرُ ٱللَّهِ مَفْعُولًا

Translations

 
 Muhsin Khan
 Pickthall
 Yusuf Ali
Quran Project
O you who were given the Book, believe in what We have sent down [to Muhammad], confirming that which is with you, before We obliterate faces and turn them toward their backs or curse them as We cursed the Sabbath-breakers. And ever is the matter [i.e., decree] of Allāh accomplished.

1. Lessons/Guidance/Reflections/Gems

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Explanatory Note

They are addressed by the quality which should have made them the first to respond favourably to Islam: “O you who have been given revelations! Believe in what We have bestowed from on high confirming that which you already have.” (Verse 47) Since they had received revelations, it was no strange thing to them that Divine guidance should be given. The One who has given them those Scriptures is now calling upon them to believe in a message which confirms their own. If this were sufficient to provide a clear proof or strong argument to accept the faith, the Jews should have been the first to embrace it. But they had their own interests, ambitions, grudges and hatreds. Moreover, they themselves were deviant. They are described in the Torah as a “stiff-necked people”. Hence, they rejected the faith and they deserved the stern warning: “Believe... lest We obliterate faces and turn them backwards, or We reject them as We rejected the Sabbath-breakers: for God’s will is always done.” (Verse 47)

The obliteration of faces means the effacing of their distinctive human features. Turning them backward means causing them to walk backwards. This threat could be intended literally, which means that they could lose their human appearance and proper judgement. It could mean something similar to the curse put on the Sabbath breakers, who devised a subtle method to catch fish on the day of the Sabbath, despite its strict prohibition. They were actually transformed into monkeys and pigs. On the other hand, the warning could mean to obliterate the distinctive elements of proper insight and true guidance in their minds causing them to sink back into disbelief, i.e. to the state they were in before the Scriptures were given to them. To disbelieve after having been given guidance is, indeed, to have faces obliterated and to retreat backwards. Whichever meaning is intended, this response to the Jews’ obstinate and wicked nature is very stern. One of the few who heeded this warning was a man who had previously earned the title “Ka`b al-Ahbār”. He embraced Islam. According to a report related by Abū Ĥātim on the authority of Abū Idrīs (Aidhullāh al-Khaulānī, Ka`b’s teacher, Abū Muslim al-Khalīlī used to take Ka`b to task for his slow response to God’s Messenger (peace be upon him). He once sent him to the Prophet to make sure that he was the Prophet to which reference is made in the Jewish sacred books. Ka`b says: “I rode to Madinah where I heard someone reciting from the Qur’ān the verse which says: “O you who have been given revelations! Believe in what We have bestowed from on high confirming that which you already have, lest We obliterate faces and turn them backwards.” I went straight and had a bath, feeling my face with my hands, fearing that it would be obliterated. I then embraced Islam.” The warning is followed by a comment stressing its seriousness. This is done in such a way as to take the Jewish nature into account: “God’s will is always done.”

2. Linguistic Analysis

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Frequency of Root words in this Ayat used in this Surah *


3. Surah Overview

4. Miscellaneous Information

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5. Connected/Related Ayat

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6. Frequency of the word

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7. Period of Revelation

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This Surah comprises several discourses which were revealed on different occasions during the period ranging probably between the end of year 3 A.H. and the end of 4 A.H. or the beginning of 5 A.H. Although it is difficult to determine the exact dates of their revelations it is possible to assign to them a fairly correct period with the help of the Commandments and the events mentioned therein. A few instances are given below by way of illustration:

1. We know that the inheritance law for those martyred and protection for the rights of the orphans was sent down after the Battle of Uhud (in which 70 Muslims were martyred). From this we conclude that v. 1 -28 were revealed on that occasion.

2. We learn from the traditions that the ruling regarding the prayer (Salah) during war time was given on the occasion of the Zat-ur-Riqa’aan expedition. This took place in 4 A.H. From this we conclude that the discourse containing v. 102 was revealed on that occasion.

3. The last warning to the Jews was given before the Banu-Nadheer were exiled from Madinah in Rabi’-ulAwwal 4 A.H. It may therefore be assumed that the discourse containing v. 47 was revealed before that date.

4. The permission about performing ablution with dust in the event of no water (tayammum) verse 43, was given during the Bani-al-Mustaliq expedition which took place in 5 A.H. [REF: Mawdudi]

8. Reasons for Revelation

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Let us now consider the social and historical considerations of the period in order to understand the Surah. All the discourses in this Surah deal with three main problems which confronted the Prophet at the time. First of all he was engaged in bringing about an all round development of the islamic Community that had been formed at the time of his migration to Madinah. For this purpose he was introducing new moral cultural social economic and political ways in place of the old ones of the pre-islamic period. The second thing that occupied his attention and efforts was the bitter struggle that was going on with the polytheist Arabs, the Jewish clans and the hypocrites who were opposing tooth and nail his mission of reform. Above all, he had to propagate Islam in the face of the bitter opposition of these powers of evil with a view to capturing more and more minds and hearts.

Accordingly detailed instructions have been given for the consolidation and strengthening of the islamic Community in continuation of those given in Surah 2: Al-Baqarah (The Cow). Principles for the smooth running of family life have been laid down and ways of settling family disputes have been taught. Rules have been prescribed for marriage and rights of wife and husband have been apportioned fairly and equitably. The status of women in the society has been determined and the declaration of the rights of orphans has been made. Laws and regulations have been laid down for the division of inheritance and instructions have been given to reform economic affairs. The foundation of the penal code has been laid down, drinking has been prohibited and instructions have been given for cleanliness and purity. The Muslims have been taught the kind of relations good men should have with their God and fellow men. Instructions have been given for the maintenance of discipline in the Muslim Community.

The moral and religious condition of The People of the Book (Jews and Christians) has been reviewed to teach lessons to the Muslims and to forewarn them to refrain from following in their footsteps. The conduct of the hypocrites has been criticized and the distinctive features of hypocrisy and true faith have been clearly marked off to enable the Muslims to distinguish between the two. In order to cope with the aftermath of the Battle of Uhud, Inspiring discourses were sent down to urge the Muslims to face the enemy bravely, for defeat in the Battle had so emboldened the polytheist Arab clans and the neighbouring Jews and the hypocrites at home, that they were threatening the Muslims on all sides. At this critical juncture God filled the Muslims with courage and gave them such instructions as were needed during that period of war clouds. In order to counteract the fearful rumours that were being spread by the hypocrites and the Muslims of weak faith they were asked to make a thorough enquiry into them and to inform the responsible people about them. Then they were experiencing some difficulties in offering their prayer during the expeditions to some places where no water was available for performing their ablutions etc. In such cases they were allowed to cleanse themselves with pure earth and to shorten the prayer or to offer the “Prayer of Fear” when they were faced with danger. Instructions were also given for the solution of the puzzling problem of those Muslims who were scattered among the unbelieving Arab clans and were often involved in war. They were asked to migrate to Madinah the abode of Islam.

This Surah also deals with the case of Banu nadir who were showing a hostile and menacing attitude in spite of the peace treaties they had made with the Muslims. They were openly siding with the enemies of Islam and hatching plots against the Prophet and the Muslim Community even at Madinah itself. They were taken to task for their inimical behaviour and given a final warning to change their attitude and were at last exiled from Madinah on account of their misconduct.

The problem of the hypocrites, who had become very troublesome at that time, was involving the Believers in difficulties. Therefore, they were divided into different categories to enable the Muslims to deal with them appropriately. Clear instructions were also given regarding the attitude they should adopt towards the non-belligerent clans. The most important thing needed at that time was to prepare the Muslims for the bitter struggle with the opponents of Islam. For this purpose greatest importance was attached to their character building, for it was obvious that the small Muslim Community could only come out successful, nay, survive, if the Muslims possessed high moral character. They were, therefore, enjoined to adopt the highest moral qualities and were severely criticized whenever any moral weakness was detected in them.

Though this Surah mainly deals with the moral and social reforms, yet due attention has been paid to propagation of Islam. On the one hand, the superiority of the islamic morality and culture has been established over that of the Jews, Christians and polytheists; on the other hand, their wrong religious conceptions, their wrong morality and their evil acts have been criticized to prepare the ground for inviting them to the way of the Truth. 

9. Relevant Hadith

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10. Wiki Forum

Comments in this section are statements made by general users – these are not necessarily explanations of the Ayah – rather a place to share personal thoughts and stories…

11. Tafsir Zone

 

Overview (Verses 47 - 48)

A Warning Not to Be Ignored
 
These two verses represent a call made to the people of the Scriptures, particularly the Jews, to believe in the Book, which has been sent down confirming what is already in their hands. This is coupled with a warning against their being misshaped and cursed, which can only be expected if they continue in their obstinate rejection of the new Divine faith and in their scheming against it. They are branded as deviant from the faith in the absolute oneness of God, which is also the essence of their faith. God never forgives associating partners with Him. At the same time, the broad scope of God’s forgiveness is outlined. Thus, the enormity of associating other deities with God is delineated in sharp relief.
 
0 you who have been given revelations! Believe in what We have bestowed from on high confirming that which you already have, lest We obliterate faces and turn them backward, or We reject them as We rejected the Sabbath-breakers: for God’s will is always done. God will never forgive that partners are associated with Him. He forgives any lesser sin to whomever He wills. He who associates partners with God indeed contrived an awesome sin. (Verses 47-48)
 
They are addressed by the quality which should have made them the first to respond favourably to Islam: “O you who have been given revelations! Believe in what We have bestowed from on high confirming that which you already have.” (Verse 47) Since they had received revelations, it was no strange thing to them that Divine guidance should be given. The One who has given them those Scriptures is now calling upon them to believe in a message which confirms their own. If this were sufficient to provide a clear proof or strong argument to accept the faith, the Jews should have been the first to embrace it. But they had their own interests, ambitions, grudges and hatreds. Moreover, they themselves were deviant. They are described in the Torah as a “stiff-necked people”. Hence, they rejected the faith and they deserved the stern warning: “Believe... lest We obliterate faces and turn them backwards, or We reject them as We rejected the Sabbath-breakers: for God’s will is always done.” (Verse 47)
 
The obliteration of faces means the effacing of their distinctive human features. Turning them backward means causing them to walk backwards. This threat could be intended literally, which means that they could lose their human appearance and proper judgement. It could mean something similar to the curse put on the Sabbath breakers, who devised a subtle method to catch fish on the day of the Sabbath, despite its strict prohibition. They were actually transformed into monkeys and pigs. On the other hand, the warning could mean to obliterate the distinctive elements of proper insight and true guidance in their minds causing them to sink back into disbelief, i.e. to the state they were in before the Scriptures were given to them. To disbelieve after having been given guidance is, indeed, to have faces obliterated and to retreat backwards. Whichever meaning is intended, this response to the Jews’ obstinate and wicked nature is very stern. One of the few who heeded this warning was a man who had previously earned the title “Ka`b al-Ahbār”. He embraced Islam. According to a report related by Abū Ĥātim on the authority of Abū Idrīs (Aidhullāh al-Khaulānī, Ka`b’s teacher, Abū Muslim al-Khalīlī used to take Ka`b to task for his slow response to God’s Messenger (peace be upon him). He once sent him to the Prophet to make sure that he was the Prophet to which reference is made in the Jewish sacred books. Ka`b says: “I rode to Madinah where I heard someone reciting from the Qur’ān the verse which says: “O you who have been given revelations! Believe in what We have bestowed from on high confirming that which you already have, lest We obliterate faces and turn them backwards.” I went straight and had a bath, feeling my face with my hands, fearing that it would be obliterated. I then embraced Islam.”
 
The warning is followed by a comment stressing its seriousness. This is done in such a way as to take the Jewish nature into account: “God’s will is always done.”
 
Next comes a comment delivering another warning in respect of the Hereafter. This new warning excludes any possibility of forgiveness to anyone who associates partners with God. At the same time, Divine mercy is shown to be greater than all other sins: “God will never forgive that partners are associated with Him. He forgives any lesser sin to whomever He wills. He who associates partners with God indeed contrived an awesome sin.” (Verse 48) This verse is stated in a context that implies an express accusation against the Jews for associating partners with God. Hence, they are called upon to return to the pure faith in His Oneness.
 
Nothing is mentioned here about what they said or did to brand them as polytheists. Details of that are given elsewhere. The Qur’ān reports that they claimed that “Ezra is the son of God”. (9: 30) Such a statement was made in the same vein as that of the Christians who claimed that “the Christ is the son of God”. (9: 30) Any statement of this type constitutes an act of associating partners with God. The Qur’ān also reports that both Christians and Jews “have taken their rabbis and priests as lords alongside God’. (9: 31) It has to be said that neither group used to worship rabbis or priests. They simply acknowledged their right to legislate for them, and to make certain things lawful and to forbid others. The authority to do that belongs exclusively to God. It is one of the most essential elements of Godhead. Hence, the Qur’ān classifies them among the polytheists. This is particularly significant in light of the Islamic concept as to who constitutes a Muslim and who a believer. This point will be elaborated upon further in the commentary on the rest of this sūrah.
 
At any rate, the Jews of Arabia at the time when Islam was revealed had had their faith adulterated with polytheistic elements. Hence, they are expressly warned here that God may forgive, as He pleases, anyone whatever sin he may have committed, other than associating partners with Him. No forgiveness is granted to any person who ends his life believing in other gods alongside God, without having repented for holding such an erroneous belief.
 
When a person associates partners with God, he actually severs all his relations with the Lord and Creator. Hence, there is no hope that he may be forgiven if this state of a total break of relations is maintained until his death. Anyone who maintains such an attitude until death, ignoring all the pointers to God’s oneness — in the form of clear proofs throughout the universe, and in the guidance given by prophets and messengers — is devoid of all goodness. Such a persistent denial of God’s oneness is proof of total, incurable corruption of human nature, sending it to a lowly depth from which it cannot rise. Such a person has already prepared himself for the life of Hell.
 
Apart from this extremely grave sin and this flagrant injustice, God forgives all sins, great or small. All these sins, including cardinal ones, may be forgiven, according to God’s will, whether one repents or not as some reports tell, as long as the person who commits them believes in God, hopes to be forgiven, believes that God is able to forgive him and that God’s forgiveness is greater than his sins. This shows that God’s mercy is without limit, inexhaustible, and may be granted to all and sundry. God’s forgiveness is open to all. We need only to seek it.
 
This principle is supported by numerous aĥādīth and reports about the Prophet. Let us consider the following examples.
 
Both al-Bukhārī and Muslim quote Abū Dharr, a Companion of the Prophet, as saying: “I went out one night only to find God’s Messenger walking alone, having none for company. I thought that he did not wish anyone to walk with him. I, therefore, walked in the shade, away from the light thrown by the moon. Seeing me on turning round, he asked: ‘Who is it?’ I said: ‘It is Abū Dharr, may God take my life to protect yours.’ He said: ‘Come forward, Abū Dharr.’ I walked with him for some time and he said to me: ‘Those who are given plenty are the ones who will have only very little on the Day of Judgement, except for one who has been given wealth by God and he gave in charity on his right and left, in front of him and behind him, and used it for what is beneficial.’ We then walked for some time, before he said to me: ‘Sit down here.’ He made me sit in a low spot with plenty of stones. He said: ‘Sit down here until I come back to you.’ He walked in the rocky, open area until I could see him no more. He stayed a long time. I then heard him talking as he came back. He said: ‘Even if he commits adultery and theft.’ When he arrived, I could no longer resist the temptation. I, therefore, said to him: ‘Prophet, may God take my life to protect yours! To whom were you talking in the rocky open space? I thought I heard someone answering you.’ He said: ‘That was Gabriel, the Angel, who met me over there. He said: “Give to your followers the happy news that anyone who dies without associating any partners with God, shall be admitted to Heaven.” I said: ‘Gabriel, even if he commits theft and adultery?’ He answered: ‘Yes’. I said: ‘Even if he steals and commits adultery?’ He answered: ‘Yes, indeed. And even if he drinks intoxicants.’”
 
Jābir ibn `Abdullāh, a Companion of the Prophet quotes him as saying: “Any soul who dies associating no partners with God may benefit by His forgiveness. God may punish him if He pleases and may forgive him if He pleases. “God will never forgive that partners are associated with Him. He may forgive any lesser sin to whomever He wills.” (Related by Ibn Abī Ĥātim.)
 
`Abdullāh ibn `Umar, a learned Companion of the Prophet says: “We, the Companions of the Prophet (peace be on him) used to be in no doubt that forgiveness could not be extended to a murderer, or one who robs an orphan of his money or one who knowingly accuses a chaste woman of adultery, or one who is guilty of perjury. The verse was then revealed which states: `God will never forgive that partners be associated with Him. He may forgive any lesser sin to whomever He wills.’ The Prophet’s Companions then stopped making such statements.” (Related by Ibn Abī Ĥātim.)
 
Ibn `Abbās quotes the Prophet as saying: “God says: He who knows that I am able to forgive sins shall he forgiven by Me and I do not care what offences he may have committed, as long as he has not associated any partners with Me.” (Related by al-Ţabarānī.)

 
This last ĥadīth is particularly significant. What is important is to have a proper awareness of God’s true nature. Such an awareness gives rise to a genuine desire to do good as well as feelings of hope, fear and being ashamed of one’s faults. If an offence is committed, such feelings help one mend one’s ways and bring one nearer to forgiveness.


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